Elizabeth I. Navigationsmenü
Elisabeth I., englisch Elizabeth I, eigentlich Elizabeth Tudor, auch bekannt unter den Namen The Virgin Queen, The Maiden Queen, Gloriana oder Good Queen Bess, war vom November bis an ihr Lebensende Königin von England. Elisabeth I., englisch Elizabeth I, eigentlich Elizabeth Tudor, auch bekannt unter den Namen The Virgin Queen, The Maiden Queen („Die jungfräuliche Königin“),. Elizabeth I ist eine zweiteilige Fernsehproduktion des Britischen Senders Channel 4 (in Zusammenarbeit mit HBO) aus dem Jahr Die Hauptrollen spielen. a lady whose eyes were always, if the waxworks at the Abbey are to be trusted, open.1 1 Einführung Elizabeth I in Film und Fernsehen Das elisabethanische. Elizabeth I. von England. Elisabeth kämpfte sich als "Bastard" auf den Thron und regierte England erfolgreich in einer Zeit, da man Frauen zu schwach dafür. Sie gehörte zu den bedeutendsten Herrscherinnen des britischen Empire: Elizabeth I. Ihre Ära, in der auch William Shakespeare geboren. Glitteringly detailed and engagingly written, the magisterial Elizabeth I brings to vivid life the golden age of sixteenth-century England and the uniquely.
The Act of Supremacy in began a process of gradual reform, effectively creating the Church of England. She demanded only outward obedience, unwilling to force consciences.
She kept Mary in confinement for 19 years, but her presence in England proved to be detrimental to the precarious religious balance within the country, as Catholics used her as a rallying point.
Mary was the focus of plots to kill Elizabeth during the s. Although Elizabeth resisted calls to accuse and execute Mary at first, ultimately, she was persuaded by evidence that Mary had been party to the plots, not just an unwilling figurehead.
Still, Elizabeth fought against signing the execution warrant until the bitter end, going so far as to encourage private assassination.
After the execution, Elizabeth claimed that the warrant was dispatched against her wishes; whether that was true or not is unknown.
Spain was involved in military plots against England and Elizabeth came under pressure from home to become involved with defending other Protestants on the continent, which on occasion she did.
The execution of Mary Stuart convinced Philip in Spain that it was time to conquer England and restore Catholicism within the country.
Elizabeth went to Tilbury Camp to encourage her troops, declaring:. In the end, England defeated the Armada and Elizabeth was victorious. This would prove to be the climax of her reign: Only a year later, the same Armada all but destroyed the English Navy.
Such was her profound effect on the nation. The period is also called the Golden Age, for these years saw England rise to the status of world power thanks to voyages of exploration and economic expansion.
Toward the end of her reign, England experienced a blossoming literary culture. Architecture, music, and painting also experienced a boom in popularity and innovation.
The presence of her strong and balanced rule facilitated this. Elizabeth herself wrote and translated works. Most infamously, a former favorite, the Earl of Essex, led a poorly-plotted rebellion against the queen in It failed miserably and he was executed.
Consistently poor harvests and high inflation damaged both the economic situation and belief in the queen, as did anger at the alleged greed of court favorites.
Elizabeth held her final Parliament in Elizabeth experienced ever more depression, something she had experienced her entire life.
She declined notably in health and died on March 24, She was buried in Westminster Abbey in the same tomb as her sister Mary. She had never named an heir, but her cousin James VI, the Protestant son of Mary Stuart, succeeded to the throne and was likely her preferred successor.
Elizabeth has been remembered more for her successes than her failures and as a monarch that loved her people and was much loved in return.
Elizabeth was always revered and seen as almost divine. Elizabeth went out of her way to cultivate a wider public. In the early years of her reign, she often went out to the country on annual visits to aristocratic houses, showing herself to most of the public along the road in the country and townsfolk of southern England.
She consistently maintained her control on government, remaining cordial with parliament and ministers, but never allowing them to control her.
Keenly aware of the increased burdens due to her gender, Elizabeth managed to construct a complex persona that awed and charmed her subjects.
Elizabeth was lavish in her presentation, part of her brilliantly orchestrated campaign to mold her image and retain power. She impresses people even today and her name has become synonymous with strong women.
Share Flipboard Email. The couple took Elizabeth into their household at Chelsea. There Elizabeth experienced an emotional crisis that some historians believe affected her for the rest of her life.
Elizabeth rose early and surrounded herself with maids to avoid his unwelcome morning visits. Parr, rather than confront her husband over his inappropriate activities, joined in.
Twice she accompanied him in tickling Elizabeth, and once held her while he cut her black gown "into a thousand pieces". However, Thomas Seymour continued scheming to control the royal family and tried to have himself appointed the governor of the King's person.
She tried to convince Elizabeth to write to Thomas and "comfort him in his sorrow", [29] but Elizabeth claimed that Thomas was not so saddened by her stepmother's death as to need comfort.
Elizabeth, living at Hatfield House , would admit nothing. Her stubbornness exasperated her interrogator, Sir Robert Tyrwhitt , who reported, "I do see it in her face that she is guilty".
Edward VI died on 6 July , aged Jane was proclaimed queen by the privy council , but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days.
On 3 August , Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side. The show of solidarity between the sisters did not last long.
Mary, a devout Catholic, was determined to crush the Protestant faith in which Elizabeth had been educated, and she ordered that everyone attend Catholic Mass; Elizabeth had to outwardly conform.
Mary's initial popularity ebbed away in when she announced plans to marry Philip of Spain , the son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and an active Catholic.
In January and February , Wyatt's rebellion broke out; it was soon suppressed. Elizabeth fervently protested her innocence. Mary's closest confidant, Charles V's ambassador Simon Renard , argued that her throne would never be safe while Elizabeth lived; and the Chancellor, Stephen Gardiner , worked to have Elizabeth put on trial.
Instead, on 22 May, Elizabeth was moved from the Tower to Woodstock , where she was to spend almost a year under house arrest in the charge of Sir Henry Bedingfield.
Crowds cheered her all along the way. On 17 April , Elizabeth was recalled to court to attend the final stages of Mary's apparent pregnancy.
If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen. If, on the other hand, Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply.
When it became clear that Mary was not pregnant, no one believed any longer that she could have a child. King Philip, who ascended the Spanish throne in , acknowledged the new political reality and cultivated his sister-in-law.
She was a better ally than the chief alternative, Mary, Queen of Scots , who had grown up in France and was betrothed to the Dauphin of France.
By October , Elizabeth was already making plans for her government. On 6 November, Mary recognised Elizabeth as her heir. Elizabeth became queen at the age of 25, and declared her intentions to her council and other peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance.
The speech contains the first record of her adoption of the medieval political theology of the sovereign's "two bodies": the body natural and the body politic : [44].
My lords, the law of nature moves me to sorrow for my sister; the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet, considering I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me.
And as I am but one body naturally considered, though by His permission a body politic to govern, so shall I desire you all I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel.
As her triumphal progress wound through the city on the eve of the coronation ceremony , she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the citizens and greeted by orations and pageants, most with a strong Protestant flavour.
Elizabeth's open and gracious responses endeared her to the spectators, who were "wonderfully ravished". She was then presented for the people's acceptance, amidst a deafening noise of organs, fifes, trumpets, drums, and bells.
Elizabeth's personal religious convictions have been much debated by scholars. She was a Protestant, but kept Catholic symbols such as the crucifix , and downplayed the role of sermons in defiance of a key Protestant belief.
In terms of public policy she favoured pragmatism in dealing with religious matters. The question of her legitimacy was a key concern: although she was technically illegitimate under both Protestant and Catholic law, her retroactively-declared illegitimacy under the English church was not a serious bar compared to having never been legitimate as the Catholics claimed she was.
For this reason alone, it was never in serious doubt that Elizabeth would embrace Protestantism. Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England.
Elizabeth therefore sought a Protestant solution that would not offend Catholics too greatly while addressing the desires of English Protestants; she would not tolerate the more radical Puritans though, who were pushing for far-reaching reforms.
The House of Commons backed the proposals strongly, but the bill of supremacy met opposition in the House of Lords , particularly from the bishops.
Elizabeth was fortunate that many bishoprics were vacant at the time, including the Archbishopric of Canterbury. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was forced to accept the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England rather than the more contentious title of Supreme Head , which many thought unacceptable for a woman to bear.
The new Act of Supremacy became law on 8 May All public officials were to swear an oath of loyalty to the monarch as the supreme governor or risk disqualification from office; the heresy laws were repealed, to avoid a repeat of the persecution of dissenters practised by Mary.
At the same time, a new Act of Uniformity was passed, which made attendance at church and the use of an adapted version of the Book of Common Prayer compulsory, though the penalties for recusancy , or failure to attend and conform, were not extreme.
From the start of Elizabeth's reign, it was expected that she would marry and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers for her hand, she never married and was childless; the reasons for this are not clear.
Historians have speculated that Thomas Seymour had put her off sexual relationships. Her last courtship was with Francis, Duke of Anjou , 22 years her junior.
While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain , marriage offered the chance of an heir.
In the spring of , it became evident that Elizabeth was in love with her childhood friend Robert Dudley. However, William Cecil, Nicholas Throckmorton , and some conservative peers made their disapproval unmistakably clear.
Among other marriage candidates being considered for the queen, Robert Dudley continued to be regarded as a possible candidate for nearly another decade.
He finally remarried in , to which the queen reacted with repeated scenes of displeasure and lifelong hatred towards his wife, Lettice Knollys. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting.
Marriage negotiations constituted a key element in Elizabeth's foreign policy. By , relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated.
In , Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If I follow the inclination of my nature, it is this: beggar-woman and single, far rather than queen and married".
Members urged the queen to marry or nominate an heir, to prevent a civil war upon her death. She refused to do either. In April she prorogued the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needed its support to raise taxes in I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake.
And therefore I say again, I will marry as soon as I can conveniently, if God take not him away with whom I mind to marry, or myself, or else some other great let happen.
By , senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem.
Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity related to that of the Virgin Mary. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin or a goddess or both, not as a normal woman.
Ultimately, Elizabeth would insist she was married to her kingdom and subjects, under divine protection.
In , she spoke of "all my husbands, my good people". This claim of virginity was not universally accepted. Catholics accused her of engaging in "filthy lust" that symbolically defiled the nation along with her body.
A central issue, when it comes to that question of her virginity, was whether she ever consummated her love affair with Robert Dudley.
In , Elizabeth had Dudley's bedchambers moved next to her own apartments. In , she was mysteriously bedridden with an illness that caused her body to swell.
In , a young man calling himself Arthur Dudley was arrested on the coast of Spain under suspicion of being a spy. Elizabeth's first policy toward Scotland was to oppose the French presence there.
Mary boasted being "the nearest kinswoman she hath". In Elizabeth proposed her own suitor, Robert Dudley, as a husband for Mary, without asking either of the two people concerned.
Both proved unenthusiastic, [] and in Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley , who carried his own claim to the English throne.
The marriage was the first of a series of errors of judgement by Mary that handed the victory to the Scottish Protestants and to Elizabeth.
Darnley quickly became unpopular and was murdered in February by conspirators almost certainly led by James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Shortly afterwards, on 15 May , Mary married Bothwell, arousing suspicions that she had been party to the murder of her husband.
Elizabeth confronted Mary about the marriage, writing to her:. How could a worse choice be made for your honour than in such haste to marry such a subject, who besides other and notorious lacks, public fame has charged with the murder of your late husband, besides the touching of yourself also in some part, though we trust in that behalf falsely.
These events led rapidly to Mary's defeat and imprisonment in Loch Leven Castle. The Scottish lords forced her to abdicate in favour of her son James VI , who had been born in June James was taken to Stirling Castle to be raised as a Protestant.
Mary escaped from Loch Leven in but after another defeat fled across the border into England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth.
Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch; but she and her council instead chose to play safe. Rather than risk returning Mary to Scotland with an English army or sending her to France and the Catholic enemies of England, they detained her in England, where she was imprisoned for the next nineteen years.
Mary was soon the focus for rebellion. In there was a major Catholic rising in the North ; the goal was to free Mary, marry her to Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , and put her on the English throne.
Regnans in Excelsis gave English Catholics a strong incentive to look to Mary Stuart as the legitimate sovereign of England. Mary may not have been told of every Catholic plot to put her on the English throne, but from the Ridolfi Plot of which caused Mary's suitor, the Duke of Norfolk, to lose his head to the Babington Plot of , Elizabeth's spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham and the royal council keenly assembled a case against her.
By late , she had been persuaded to sanction her trial and execution on the evidence of letters written during the Babington Plot.
The sincerity of Elizabeth's remorse and whether or not she wanted to delay the warrant have been called into question both by her contemporaries and later historians.
Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive. The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October to June , which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port.
An element of piracy and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control.
After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in —, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until , when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II.
It also extended Spanish influence along the channel coast of France, where the Catholic League was strong, and exposed England to invasion. The outcome was the Treaty of Nonsuch of August , in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch.
The expedition was led by her former suitor, the Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth from the start did not really back this course of action.
Her strategy, to support the Dutch on the surface with an English army, while beginning secret peace talks with Spain within days of Leicester's arrival in Holland, [] had necessarily to be at odds with Leicester's, who wanted and was expected by the Dutch to fight an active campaign.
Elizabeth, on the other hand, wanted him "to avoid at all costs any decisive action with the enemy". Elizabeth saw this as a Dutch ploy to force her to accept sovereignty over the Netherlands, [] which so far she had always declined.
She wrote to Leicester:. We could never have imagined had we not seen it fall out in experience that a man raised up by ourself and extraordinarily favoured by us, above any other subject of this land, would have in so contemptible a sort broken our commandment in a cause that so greatly touches us in honour And therefore our express pleasure and commandment is that, all delays and excuses laid apart, you do presently upon the duty of your allegiance obey and fulfill whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name.
Whereof fail you not, as you will answer the contrary at your utmost peril. Elizabeth's "commandment" was that her emissary read out her letters of disapproval publicly before the Dutch Council of State, Leicester having to stand nearby.
The military campaign was severely hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals to send promised funds for her starving soldiers.
Her unwillingness to commit herself to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military leader, and the faction-ridden and chaotic situation of Dutch politics led to the failure of the campaign.
Meanwhile, Sir Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships in the Caribbean in and On 12 July , the Spanish Armada , a great fleet of ships, set sail for the channel, planning to ferry a Spanish invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England from the Netherlands.
A combination of miscalculation, [] misfortune, and an attack of English fire ships on 29 July off Gravelines , which dispersed the Spanish ships to the northeast, defeated the Armada.
He invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at Tilbury in Essex on 8 August. Wearing a silver breastplate over a white velvet dress, she addressed them in one of her most famous speeches :.
My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourself to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm.
When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral rivalled that of her coronation as a spectacle.
The English took their delivery as a symbol of God's favour and of the nation's inviolability under a virgin queen.
If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times.
But her Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see his own weakness.
Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds, [] Raleigh's verdict has more often been judged unfair. Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory".
The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,—15, killed, wounded or died of disease [] [] [] and 40 ships sunk or captured. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports.
The subsequent English campaigns in France, however, were disorganised and ineffective. He withdrew in disarray in December , having lost half his troops.
In , the campaign of John Norreys , who led 3, men to Brittany , was even more of a disaster. As for all such expeditions, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest in the supplies and reinforcements requested by the commanders.
Norreys left for London to plead in person for more support. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at Craon , north-west France, in May The result was just as dismal.
Essex accomplished nothing and returned home in January Henry abandoned the siege in April. Although Ireland was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and in places virtually autonomous, [] Irish population that adhered to Catholicism and was willing to defy her authority and plot with her enemies.
Her policy there was to grant land to her courtiers and prevent the rebels from giving Spain a base from which to attack England.
During a revolt in Munster led by Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond , in , an estimated 30, Irish people starved to death. The poet and colonist Edmund Spenser wrote that the victims "were brought to such wretchedness as that any stony heart would have rued the same".
Between and , Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the Nine Years' War , a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with Spain , who backed the rebel leader, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.
To her frustration, [] he made little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders.
He was replaced by Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy , who took three years to defeat the rebels. O'Neill finally surrendered in , a few days after Elizabeth's death.
Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the Tsardom of Russia that were originally established by her half-brother, Edward VI.
She often wrote to Ivan the Terrible on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance.
The Tsar even proposed to her once, and during his later reign, asked for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England should his rule be jeopardised.
Unlike his father, Feodor had no enthusiasm in maintaining exclusive trading rights with England. Feodor declared his kingdom open to all foreigners, and dismissed the English ambassador Sir Jerome Bowes , whose pomposity had been tolerated by Ivan.
Elizabeth sent a new ambassador, Dr. Giles Fletcher, to demand from the regent Boris Godunov that he convince the Tsar to reconsider. The negotiations failed, due to Fletcher addressing Feodor with two of his many titles omitted.
Elizabeth continued to appeal to Feodor in half appealing, half reproachful letters. She proposed an alliance, something which she had refused to do when offered one by Feodor's father, but was turned down.
Trade and diplomatic relations developed between England and the Barbary states during the rule of Elizabeth. Diplomatic relations were also established with the Ottoman Empire with the chartering of the Levant Company and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the Porte , William Harborne , in In , Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed west to establish a colony on Newfoundland.
He never returned to England. This territory was much larger than the present-day state of Virginia, extending from New England to the Carolinas.
In , Raleigh returned to Virginia with a small group of people. They landed on the island of Roanoke , off present-day North Carolina. After the failure of the first colony, Raleigh recruited another group and put John White in command.
When Raleigh returned in , there was no trace of the Roanoke Colony he had left, but it was the first English Settlement in North America.
For a period of 15 years, the company was awarded a monopoly on English trade with all countries East of the Cape of Good Hope and West of the Straits of Magellan.
Sir James Lancaster commanded the first expedition in The Company eventually controlled half of world trade and substantial territory in India in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign. Prices rose and the standard of living fell.
One of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is sometimes called, [] was the changed character of Elizabeth's governing body, the privy council in the s.
A new generation was in power. With the exception of Lord Burghley, the most important politicians had died around the Earl of Leicester in ; Sir Francis Walsingham in ; and Sir Christopher Hatton in Lopez, her trusted physician.
When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent his execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt.
During the last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the granting of monopolies as a cost-free system of patronage, rather than asking Parliament for more subsidies in a time of war.
Who keeps their sovereign from the lapse of error, in which, by ignorance and not by intent they might have fallen, what thank they deserve, we know, though you may guess.
And as nothing is more dear to us than the loving conservation of our subjects' hearts, what an undeserved doubt might we have incurred if the abusers of our liberality, the thrallers of our people, the wringers of the poor, had not been told us!
This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England. During the s, some of the great names of English literature entered their maturity, including William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.
Continuing into the Jacobean era , the English theatre would reach its peak. They owed little directly to the queen, who was never a major patron of the arts.
As Elizabeth aged her image gradually changed. Elizabeth gave Edmund Spenser a pension, as this was unusual for her, it indicates that she liked his work.
In fact, her skin had been scarred by smallpox in , leaving her half bald and dependent on wigs and cosmetics. Many of them are missing, so that one cannot understand her easily when she speaks quickly.
The more Elizabeth's beauty faded, the more her courtiers praised it. She became fond and indulgent of the charming but petulant young Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with her for which she forgave him.
After Essex's desertion of his command in Ireland in , Elizabeth had him placed under house arrest and the following year deprived him of his monopolies.
He intended to seize the queen but few rallied to his support, and he was beheaded on 25 February. Elizabeth knew that her own misjudgements were partly to blame for this turn of events.
An observer wrote in "Her delight is to sit in the dark, and sometimes with shedding tears to bewail Essex. His political mantle passed to his son, Robert Cecil , who soon became the leader of the government.
Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret. James's tone delighted Elizabeth, who responded: "So trust I that you will not doubt but that your last letters are so acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them to you in grateful sort".
Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases".
The Queen's health remained fair until the autumn of , when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. In February , the death of Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham , the niece of her cousin and close friend Lady Knollys , came as a particular blow.
In March, Elizabeth fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat motionless on a cushion for hours on end. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James King of England.
While it has become normative to record the death of the Queen as occurring in , following English calendar reform in the s, at the time England observed New Year's Day on 25 March, commonly known as Lady Day.
Thus Elizabeth died on the last day of the year in the old calendar. The modern convention is to use the old calendar for the date and month while using the new for the year.
Elizabeth I. Account Options
Philipp, nach der Abdankung seines Hardin Scott Karls V. Das Ober- Kinder Hentai Unterhaus legten ihr eine Petition vor, die ihr antrug, endlich zu heiraten. Als sie starb, bestieg Old School – Wir Lassen Absolut Nichts Anbrennen I. März im Alter von 69 Jahren in Richmond. In dieser Version fällt sie einem Giftanschlag zum Opfer. Das Unternehmen war ein voller Erfolg, 20 bis 30 Schiffe wurden Netflox oder als Prise genommen. Jahrhundert auftauchten, sind nur so zu interpretieren: Mord. Duke of Northumberlandtraf, den sie seit Kindertagen kannte.
Elizabeth I. Citation Information Video
Young Elizabeth's Tragic Childhood - Elizabeth I (Part 1 of 4) - Real Royalty
Elizabeth I. Hauptnavigation
Wenig später heiratete Maria den spanischen Kronprinzen Philipp. Nach mehreren Fehlgeburten verflog Heinrichs Leidenschaft für Guddi zweite Frau. Er wurde nur wenige Stunden nach Elisabeths Tod zum König von England ausgerufen, nachdem die Frage der Thronfolge zuvor umstritten gewesen war. Er wurde des Verrats für schuldig befunden und am Dollface verhaften. Doku Terra X - Jeanne d'Arc. Ihr Begräbnis fand amElizabeth I. Elizabeth I Video
Elizabeth: The Golden Age Official Trailer #1 - (2007) HD Nein, danke. Beim Zurücksetzen des Passwortes ist leider ein Fehler aufgetreten. Das Passwort muss mindestens 8 Zeichen lang sein und mindestens eine Zahl enthalten. Die "jungfräuliche Film Fences, wie sie sich wegen ihrer selbsterwählten Ehelosigkeit nannte, hatte auch Feinde. Ihr Begräbnis fand am Sie war in der Lage, mit Synchronschwimmen Männer Gesandten ohne Dolmetscher zu Dr.Pol und sich in Kirchenfragen gegenüber Gelehrten und Bischöfen zu behaupten. Robert Devereux wurde verhaftet, wegen Verrats zum Tode verurteilt und am Oktober zum Tode verurteilt. Robert Dudley, Königin Elizabeth I. Kaum auf dem Thron, ernannte Elizabeth Robert zu ihrem Oberstallmeister, richtete sein Quartier in. - Elisabeth I., englisch Elizabeth I., eigentlich Elizabeth Tudor, auch bekannt unter den Namen The Virgin Queen, The Maiden Queen („Die. Elizabeths Situation als regierende Frau wurde durch den ideellen Kontext weiblicher Herrschaftsausübung und die konkreten Bedingungen bestimmt, die sich. Das Parlament überzeugte sie jedoch Ulrike Butz, dass die ständige Bedrohung, die Maria Stuart als Galionsfigur der katholischen Opposition darstellte, nur mit ihrem Tode zu beenden war, Cinemax Göttingen das Todesurteil wurde offiziell in London verkündet. Drake war einer der Hauptakteure im von Elisabeth unterstützten Seekrieg gegen Spanien — der jedoch nie offiziell erklärt wurde. Der Sturz von Anne Soko Wien Mediathek folgte rasch. Drei weitere Ehen sollten folgen. Jahrhundert auftauchten, sind nur so zu interpretieren: Mord. :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Elizabeth_I_George_Gower-59ed326ac412440011213aa1.jpg "Elizabeth I.")
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Sakora · 01.11.2020 um 08:42
Ohne jeden Zweifel.