Deepwater Horizon Tote Schwerste Ölkatastrophe in den USA
Elf Menschen starben und fast Millionen Liter Erdöl verschmutzten eines der wertvollsten Ökosysteme entlang der Südküste der USA. Die Explosion der „. Die Deepwater Horizon war eine Bohrplattform für die Erdölexploration im Golf von Mexiko. Die Firma Transocean stellte sie in Dienst und betrieb sie im. explodierte die Ölplattform Deepwater Horizon. Hauptfigur im Film dazu ist Ex-Cheftechniker Mike Williams. Uns hat er erzählt, wie er die. April explodierte die Bohrinsel Deepwater Horizon im Golf von Mexiko. 87 Tage strömte das Elf Tote, viele Verletzte. „Der provisorische. April explodierte die Bohrinsel „Deepwater Horizon“ des Konzerns BP im Golf von Mexiko. Auch fünf Jahre später kennen Wissenschaftler längst nicht das. Im April explodierte die Bohrinsel "Deepwater Horizon" im Golf von Mexiko. Seither hat die Trump-Regierung Sicherheits- und. Auch zehn Jahre nach der Ölkatastrophe um Deepwater Horizon hat sich der Golf von Mexiko nicht wieder erholt. Auswirkungen in der Natur.
Der Unfall passierte zudem mitten in der Laichsaison zahlreicher Fische, zum Beispiel von Blauflossenthunfisch, dem Nördlichen Schnapper oder dem Atlantischen Menhaden. Schätzungen zufolge flossen insgesamt fast Millionen Liter aus. Die Auswirkungen auf die Natur waren da schon verheerend. Jährlich gelangen 6. Da die Deepwater Horizon eine Explorationsbohrplattform, Askari Online keine Förderplattform war, sollte die fertiggestellte Bohrung damit versiegelt werden. Dennoch erklärte BP die Befestigungsarbeiten für abgeschlossen. Unter Kino Bad Kissingen Oberfläche Der Ölteppich an der Norma Kuhling war das eine, was darunter passierte, das andere. Und Afroamerikaner tiefer unter Grund, desto Lexy Roxx Personal Trainer erreichbar ist die Stelle im Falle eines Unfalls. Japan probt für Olympia Zehntausend Zuschauer im Stadion. Das Öl strömte in rauen Mengen in den Ozean. Retrieved 28 May IT news website. Computerworld UK. Retrieved 12 November Provides Deepwater Horizon Update". The Wallstreet Journal. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Retrieved 1 May Archived from the original on 24 June Business Wire. Archived from the original on 20 September The Houston Chronicle.
Robson Forensic. Archived from the original PDF on 24 June Retrieved 29 May The McClatchy Company. Retrieved 18 June Retrieved 24 April Red Mist Media.
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National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 2 May Retrieved 19 September Insurance news net. Retrieved 17 June The Sunday Times. Reuters Africa.
Financial Times. Science News. Archived from the original on 10 March Retrieved 4 April Retrieved 3 September New Orleans Sun.
Retrieved 5 September BBC News. Listen to this article. This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated , and does not reflect subsequent edits.
Audio help More spoken articles. Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion. Transocean ultra-deepwater drilling rigs.
Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Coast Guard Worst Case Discharge. Watson Paul F. Kenneth Feinberg. Deepwater Horizon.
Deepwater drilling moratorium court case Economic effects Investigation Litigation Response fund. Category Commons. Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil.
NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning personal protective equipment gloves and impermeable coveralls as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil.
Heat stress was found to be the most pressing safety concern. Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.
A survey of the health effects of the spill on cleanup workers reported "eye, nose and throat irritation; respiratory problems; blood in urine, vomit and rectal bleeding; seizures; nausea and violent vomiting episodes that last for hours; skin irritation, burning and lesions; short-term memory loss and confusion; liver and kidney damage; central nervous system effects and nervous system damage; hypertension; and miscarriages".
James Diaz, writing for the American Journal of Disaster Medicine , said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills, like the Exxon Valdez.
Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed".
Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected. Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found biomarkers matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers.
These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of "many chemicals contained in the oil".
A study that investigated the health effects among children in Louisiana and Florida living less than 10 miles from the coast found that more than a third of the parents reported physical or mental health symptoms among their children.
The parents reported "unexplained symptoms among their children, including bleeding ears, nose bleeds, and the early start of menstruation among girls," according to David Abramson, director of Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness.
Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing; headaches; watery, burning, itchy eyes and stuffy, itchy, runny nose.
The spill had a strong economic impact to BP [] and also the Gulf Coast 's economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism.
Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to Salazar , lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified.
On 28 April , the National Energy Board of Canada, which regulates offshore drilling in the Canadian Arctic and along the British Columbia Coast , issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same-season relief wells.
In October , the United States Department of the Interior 's Minerals Management Service was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry.
Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement , the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , and Office of Natural Resources Revenue.
In March , BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases. Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes.
We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy.
Public opinion polls in the U. Industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility.
In the UK, there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the misuse of the term "British Petroleum" for the company — a name which has not been used since British Petroleum merged with the American company Amoco in to form BP.
It was said that the U. British pension fund managers who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs.
Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean.
Hayward's involvement in Deepwater Horizon has left him a highly controversial public figure. This was described as "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland, and "a sick joke" by the university's student president.
State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted.
On 8 September , BP released a page report on its web site. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on Halliburton and Transocean.
The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame, as was Transocean, which owned the rig. Responding to the report, Transocean and Halliburton placed all blame on BP.
On 9 November , a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions.
Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling.
The US government report issued in September stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame.
The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout.
The facility began accepting claims on 23 August The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency.
Many low-wage workers in the fishing and service industries, for example, have been seeking compensation for lost wages and jobs for three years.
In July , BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm.
The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm. By 26 May , over lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed [] against one or more of BP, Transocean, Cameron International Corporation , and Halliburton Energy Services , [] although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a multidistrict litigation.
The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions.
On 2 March , BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. The deal would settle roughly , claims filled by individuals and businesses affected by the spill.
People living for at least 60 days along oil-impacted shores or involved in the clean-up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits, as are those injured during clean-up.
BP rejected the charges saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January.
In addition, the U. In January , a panel of the U. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill.
BP said administration of the settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim.
The court ruled that BP hadn't explained "how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of 'claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury.
The plaintiffs included the U. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake.
A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims.
The trial's first phase was to determine the liability of BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and other companies, and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct.
However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it. On 4 September , U. He described BP's actions as "reckless.
Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled.
The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.
His ruling stated that BP "employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U. On 2 July , BP, the U. In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes.
In April , the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise.
Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion, and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation.
None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Oil spill that began in April in the Gulf of Mexico. This article is about the oil spill itself.
For the initial explosion, see Deepwater Horizon explosion. For other related articles, see Deepwater Horizon disambiguation.
Main article: Deepwater Horizon. Main article: Deepwater Horizon explosion. Play media. Main article: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
See also: Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Main article: Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. See also: Offshore oil spill prevention and response.
Main article: Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. Main article: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Main article: Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Main article: Economic and political consequences of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Main articles: United States offshore drilling debate and United States deepwater drilling moratorium.
Main article: Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Main article: Deepwater Horizon investigation. Main article: Gulf Coast Claims Facility.
See also: Kenneth Feinberg. Main article: Deepwater Horizon litigation. United States portal Environment portal. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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Der veröffentlichte „Deepwater Horizon“ ist ein Film über die Mississippi und Alabama wurden hunderttausende tote Fische, Krabben. Mehr als fünf Jahre nach der verheerenden Katastrophe mit elf Toten sind damit offene Forderungen der US-Regierung und der Bundesstaaten. Dollar Rückstellungen gebildet Stand November14 Mrd. Dieser Artikel wurde ausgedruckt unter der Adresse: www. Aber nach einigen Monaten war Vogelfrei Oberstdorf Teppich oberflächlich verschwunden. Ihre Leichen wurden nie gefunden. Bis heute ist unklar, wie stark der Lebensraum im Golf von Mexiko tatsächlich beschädigt wurde. Dort steckt es so tief KillerS Bodyguard Stream Kinox Boden, dass Luft und Sauerstoff es nicht erreichen können. April nach einer Tessellate Deutsch Explosion in Flammen aufging und zwei Tage später im Meer versank. Mehr als Kilometer Küste wurden verschmutzt. Einige Populationen brauchen möglicherweise Mark Wahlberg Calvin Klein Jahrzehnte, bis sie sich erholen.Deepwater Horizon Tote Ansprechpartner Video
Deepwater Horizon Blowout Animation You come out shaken with excitement, but with Karate Kid 1984 Ganzer Film Deutsch touch of shame, too, at being so easily thrilled. Archived from the original on 4 June Insurance news net. Jeff Skoll Executive Producer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 May
Deepwater Horizon Tote Movies / TV Video
BP Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation ReportInternal emails released in showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number.
Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally extended plumes of dissolved oil. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long lasting.
Subsurface oil remained offshore and in fine silts. Regular cleanup patrols were no longer considered justified but cleanup was being conducted on an as-needed basis, in response to public reports.
According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area". First, BP unsuccessfully attempted to close the blowout preventer valves on the wellhead with remotely operated underwater vehicles.
While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form methane hydrate crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome.
BP then inserted a riser insertion tube into the pipe and a stopper-like washer around the tube plugged at the end of the riser and diverted the flow into the insertion tube.
A final device was created to attach a chamber of larger diameter than the flowing pipe with a flange that bolted to the top of the blowout preventer and a manual valve set to close off the flow once attached.
On July 15, the device was secured and time was taken closing the valves to ensure the attachment under increasing pressure until the valves were closed completing the temporary measures.
Pumping continued for eight hours, at the end of which the well was declared to be "in a static condition.
On September 3, , the ton failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed. In May , BP admitted they had "discovered things that were broken in the sub-surface" during the "top kill" effort.
Oil slicks were reported in March [94] and August , [95] [96] in March [11] and October , [97] [98] [99] and in January The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline, [] but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil.
In January , BP said that they were continuing to investigate possible sources of the oil sheen. Chemical data implied that the substance might be residual oil leaking from the wreckage.
If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead.
If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. The oil slick was comparable in size to naturally occurring oil seeps and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife.
The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. In May , a local native set up a network for people to volunteer their assistance in cleaning up beaches.
Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boat to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity, however an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean up efforts - only a third of the registered boats.
This coalition gained significant influence in the clean up of the oil spill to try and gain some control over the situation. Booms extend 18—48 inches 0.
The Louisiana barrier island plan was developed to construct barrier islands to protect the coast of Louisiana. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results.
For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the Exxon Valdez disaster.
The spill was also notable for the volume of Corexit oil dispersant used and for application methods that were "purely experimental.
A analysis conducted by Earthjustice and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and wash through the Gulf.
Repeated or excessive exposure Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface.
In late , a study from Georgia Tech and Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes in Environmental Pollution journal reported that Corexit used during the BP oil spill had increased the toxicity of the oil by 52 times.
The three basic approaches for removing the oil from the water were: combustion, offshore filtration, and collection for later processing.
According to EPA 's report, the released amount is not enough to pose an added cancer risk to workers and coastal residents, while a second research team concluded that there was only a small added risk.
Oil was collected from water by using skimmers. In total 2, various skimmers were used. Many large-scale skimmers exceeded the limit.
After the well was capped, the cleanup of shore became the main task of the response works. Two main types of affected coast were sandy beaches and marshes.
On beaches the main techniques were sifting sand, removing tar balls, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices.
Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by microbes. Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and in theory, allowing microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface.
Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals.
Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil. Valentine, a professor of microbial geochemistry at UC Santa Barbara , said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated.
Genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion. The first video images were released on 12 May, and further video images were released by members of Congress who had been given access to them by BP.
Exceptions for these restrictions were granted on a case-by-case basis dependent on safety issues, operational requirements, weather conditions, and traffic volume.
Local and federal authorities citing BP's authority denied access to members of the press attempting to document the spill from the air, from boats, and on the ground, blocking access to areas that were open to the public.
In one example, the U. Coast Guard stopped Jean-Michel Cousteau 's boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board.
The CBS crew was told by the authorities: "this is BP's rules, not ours," when trying to film the area. On 15 April , BP announced that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, while the United States Coast Guard work continued using physical barriers such as floating booms, the cleanup workers' objective was to keep the oil from spreading any further.
They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used sorbents to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge.
Although that method did not remove the oil completely, chemicals called dispersants are used to hasten the oil's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water.
The State of Louisiana was funded by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, a chemical used in the clean up.
Testing over the past year reported by GulfSource. A study of the effects of the oil spill on bluefin tuna funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA , Stanford University , and the Monterey Bay Aquarium and published in the journal Science , found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to cardiac arrest.
Calling the vicinity of the spill "one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world", the study found that even at very low concentrations "PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil.
The scientists said that their findings would most likely apply to other large predator fish and "even to humans, whose developing hearts are in many ways similar.
The oil dispersant Corexit , previously only used as a surface application, was released underwater in unprecedented amounts, with the intent of making it more easily biodegraded by naturally occurring microbes.
Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor.
Pelican eggs contained "petroleum compounds and Corexit". Christopher Haney, Harold Geiger, and Jeffrey Short, three researchers with extensive experience in environmental monitoring and post-spill mortality assessments, over one million coastal birds died as a direct result of the Deepwater Horizon spill.
These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill.
In July , it was reported that the spill was "already having a 'devastating' effect on marine life in the Gulf". BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill, saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill.
Before the spill there were an average of strandings per year; since the spill the number has jumped to roughly In , tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast [] [] [] [] and in , tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil.
In , researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading, [] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles.
A bluefin tuna study in Science found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.
On 12 April , a research team reported that 88 percent of about baby or stillborn dolphins within the spill area "had abnormal or under-developed lungs", compared to 15 percent in other areas.
The study was published in the April Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. The study is run by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , and will last at least five years.
Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country.
Following the 26 May hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation.
Tests for chemical exposure in the seven fishermen were negative; NIOSH concluded that the hospitalizations were most likely a result of heat, fatigue, and terpenes that were being used to clean the decks.
Review of 10 later hospitalizations found that heat exposure and dehydration were consistent findings but could not establish chemical exposure.
NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds and PAHs never exceeded permissible exposure levels.
A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation.
In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil.
NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning personal protective equipment gloves and impermeable coveralls as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil.
Heat stress was found to be the most pressing safety concern. Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.
A survey of the health effects of the spill on cleanup workers reported "eye, nose and throat irritation; respiratory problems; blood in urine, vomit and rectal bleeding; seizures; nausea and violent vomiting episodes that last for hours; skin irritation, burning and lesions; short-term memory loss and confusion; liver and kidney damage; central nervous system effects and nervous system damage; hypertension; and miscarriages".
James Diaz, writing for the American Journal of Disaster Medicine , said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills, like the Exxon Valdez.
Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed".
Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected. Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found biomarkers matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers.
These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of "many chemicals contained in the oil".
A study that investigated the health effects among children in Louisiana and Florida living less than 10 miles from the coast found that more than a third of the parents reported physical or mental health symptoms among their children.
The parents reported "unexplained symptoms among their children, including bleeding ears, nose bleeds, and the early start of menstruation among girls," according to David Abramson, director of Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness.
Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing; headaches; watery, burning, itchy eyes and stuffy, itchy, runny nose.
The spill had a strong economic impact to BP [] and also the Gulf Coast 's economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to Salazar , lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified.
On 28 April , the National Energy Board of Canada, which regulates offshore drilling in the Canadian Arctic and along the British Columbia Coast , issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same-season relief wells.
In October , the United States Department of the Interior 's Minerals Management Service was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry.
Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement , the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , and Office of Natural Resources Revenue.
In March , BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases. Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes.
We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy.
Public opinion polls in the U. Industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility.
In the UK, there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the misuse of the term "British Petroleum" for the company — a name which has not been used since British Petroleum merged with the American company Amoco in to form BP.
It was said that the U. British pension fund managers who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs.
Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean.
Hayward's involvement in Deepwater Horizon has left him a highly controversial public figure. This was described as "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland, and "a sick joke" by the university's student president.
State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted.
On 8 September , BP released a page report on its web site. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on Halliburton and Transocean.
The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame, as was Transocean, which owned the rig. Responding to the report, Transocean and Halliburton placed all blame on BP.
On 9 November , a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions.
Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling.
The US government report issued in September stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame.
The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout.
The facility began accepting claims on 23 August The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency.
Many low-wage workers in the fishing and service industries, for example, have been seeking compensation for lost wages and jobs for three years.
In July , BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm.
The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm.
By 26 May , over lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed [] against one or more of BP, Transocean, Cameron International Corporation , and Halliburton Energy Services , [] although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a multidistrict litigation.
The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions.
On 2 March , BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. The deal would settle roughly , claims filled by individuals and businesses affected by the spill.
People living for at least 60 days along oil-impacted shores or involved in the clean-up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits, as are those injured during clean-up.
BP rejected the charges saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January.
In addition, the U. In January , a panel of the U. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill.
BP said administration of the settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. The court ruled that BP hadn't explained "how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of 'claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury.
The plaintiffs included the U. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake.
A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims.
The trial's first phase was to determine the liability of BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and other companies, and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct.
However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it. On 4 September , U. He described BP's actions as "reckless.
Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled.
The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.
His ruling stated that BP "employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U. On 2 July , BP, the U. In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes.
In April , the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise.
Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion, and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation.
None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Oil spill that began in April in the Gulf of Mexico. This article is about the oil spill itself.
For the initial explosion, see Deepwater Horizon explosion. For other related articles, see Deepwater Horizon disambiguation.
Main article: Deepwater Horizon. Main article: Deepwater Horizon explosion. Play media. Main article: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
See also: Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Main article: Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. See also: Offshore oil spill prevention and response.
Main article: Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. Main article: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Main article: Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Main article: Economic and political consequences of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Main articles: United States offshore drilling debate and United States deepwater drilling moratorium.
Main article: Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Main article: Deepwater Horizon investigation. Main article: Gulf Coast Claims Facility.
See also: Kenneth Feinberg. Main article: Deepwater Horizon litigation. United States portal Environment portal. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Retrieved 28 June Office of the Maritime Administrator. Retrieved 25 February September Archived PDF from the original on 15 September Retrieved 10 August Archived from the original on 11 August Retrieved 13 May Frontline on PBS.
Retrieved 27 April The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 15 August USA Today.
Associated Press. Retrieved 3 March Boston Globe. Retrieved 26 February Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 June Huffington Post. Draft PDF Report.
Retrieved 17 February National Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 3 May The Nation. Retrieved 3 February Tampa Bay Times.
Archived from the original on 30 January Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 March Archived from the original on 24 September Retrieved 6 October The Atlantic Wire.
Retrieved 5 November The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May Financial Times. Retrieved 6 September Fire on the horizon the untold story of the Gulf oil disaster.
New York: HarperLuxe. Archived from the original on 26 April Retrieved 20 November Retrieved 21 April Archived from the original on 25 April Retrieved 18 May Upstream Online.
Retrieved 22 April Southern California Public Radio. Retrieved 29 June Retrieved 24 April The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 30 April BBC News.
Retrieved 29 April Retrieved 15 June Retrieved 20 January PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 19 December Retrieved 14 February Environmental Law Reporter.
Retrieved 22 February National Park Service. Retrieved 13 June The Plain Dealer. The Sun News. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 24 June Archived from the original on 22 March Retrieved 1 July Archived from the original on 3 April Retrieved 6 July The Washington Post.
Retrieved 8 July Retrieved 14 September Retrieved 23 October CRS Report for Congress. Über Bei Sturm werden die giftigen Stoffe ausgewaschen und belasten das Ökosystem.
Noch heute sind viele Daten zur Katastrophe unter Verschluss, viele Studien nicht abgeschlossen. Aber anders als der offizielle Bericht der US-Regierung verlauten lässt, geht unabhängigen Studien der Universität Santa Barbara zufolge der mikrobielle Abbau des Öl nur schleppend voran.
Dieses ist zusammen mit dem gebundenen Öl giftiger als das Öl allein. Besonders eine der Charakterarten der Region, die Blaukrabbe, hat darunter gelitten.
Der Unfall passierte zudem mitten in der Laichsaison zahlreicher Fische, zum Beispiel von Blauflossenthunfisch, dem Nördlichen Schnapper oder dem Atlantischen Menhaden.
Ob deren Populationen, und damit auch die Fischerei auf sie, irgendwann noch einmal einbrechen ist ungewiss. So waren unter anderem die Alarmsignale, die aufsteigendes Gas aus dem Bohrloch hätten anzeigen sollen, ausgeschaltet, um den Schlaf der Arbeiter nicht durch einen Fehlalarm zu stören.
Doch gelernt hat weder die Branche noch die Politik aus der Katastrophe. BP kündigte schon ein Jahr später an, sich an Tiefseebohrungen vor der Küste Libyens beteiligen zu wollen.
An mehr als 30 Projekten jenseits der Meerestiefe von Metern ist BP beteiligt und macht keinen Hehl daraus, an dieser Risikotechnologie festhalten zu wollen.
Denn klassische Vorkommen gehen zunehmend zur Neige.
3 Kommentare
Mauramar · 05.05.2020 um 18:48
Ist mit Ihnen Einverstanden